Ir al menú de navegación principal Ir al contenido principal Ir al pie de página del sitio
TÁBULA

Studia

Núm. 23 (2020): Recalculando archivos. Reflexiones en tiempos de crisis

Fibras artificiales: Las implicaciones de lo digital para el acceso archivístico

DOI
https://doi.org/10.51598/tab.842
Enviado
January 27, 2021
Publicado
2021-01-27

Resumen

Este trabajo explora la forma en que los actuales métodos y enfoques archivísticos están seriamente cuestionados por los desafíos que provoca la transformación digital. La disponibilidad de los documentos digitales ha supuesto que a los usuarios se le planteen nuevas necesidades y se abran nuevas posibilidades, incluidos los nuevos modos de consultar. La naturaleza de los mismos archivos está cambiando –están pasando de ser colecciones de textos individuales a ser datosminuciosamente estudiados para darles sentido. Han aparecido nuevas herramientas y técnicas que ya están disponibles y que ofrecen nuevas y radicales posibilidades para la investigación, pero esto comporta nuevos retos en cuanto a la confianza y al gran volumen de documentos a tratar. Los enfoques tradicionales que atribuyen metadatos para facilitar la búsqueda del material relevante y la consideración de los documentos digitales como algo similar al papel electrónico no son viables. Lo que se necesita es una nueva aproximación en la que los archiveros y los investigadores vean los archivos como colecciones de datos que son susceptibles de análisis usando toda una gama de sofisticadas herramientas y que son capaces de ser interpretados con toda una gama de fórmulas diferentes.

This article explores how current methods and approaches in archives are under serious challenge because of the changes brought about by the move to the digital. The availability of digital records hasmeant that new needs and new possibilities have opened up for users, including new ways of reading. The nature of archives themselves are changing—they are moving from being collections of individual texts to be pored over to data to be made sense of. New tools and techniques have emerged and are available now which offer radical new possibilities for research, but these bring new challenges about trust and the sheer volume of records to be handled. The traditional approaches of applying metadata to facilitate the finding of relevant material and of regarding digital documents as something like electronic paper is no long viable. What is needed is a new approach in which archivists and scholarly researchers see archives as collections of data which are capable of analysis by a range of sophisticated tools and which are capable of being interpreted in a range of different ways.

Citas

  1. Ahlberg, C., y Shneiderman, B. (1994). ‘Visual information seeking: tight coupling of dynamic query filters with starfield displays,’ en Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, eds B. Adelson, R. Dumais, y J. Olson (Boston, MA), 313-317.
  2. Allan, A. (2014). Records Review. London: Cabinet Office and The National Archives. Disponible en línea en: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/records-review-by-sir-alex-allan
  3. Allan, A. (2015). Government Digital Records and Archives Review. London: Cabinet Office and The National Archives. Disponible en línea: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-digital-records-and-archives-review-by-sir-alex-allan
  4. Allison, A., Currall, J., Moss, M., y Stuart, S. (2010). “Digital identity matters”. JASIST, 56, 364-372. doi: 10.1002/asi.20112
  5. Brooks, C., yWarren, R. P. (1938). Understanding Poetry: An Anthology for College Students. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.
  6. Caswell, M. L. (2016). The Archive’ is not an archives: on acknowledging the intellectual contributions of archival studies. Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture 16.
  7. Chowcat, I. (2015). Spotlight on the Digital - Spotlight on the Digital Recent trends and Research in Scholarly Discovery Behaviour. Bristol: JISC. Disponible en línea en: https://digitisation.jiscinvolve.org/wp/files/2015/10/spotlight_literature_review_sept2015.pdf
  8. Cohen, D. (2011). Defining Digital Humanities. Research Without Borders Conference, Columbia University. Disponible en línea en: http://scholcomm. columbia.edu/2011/02/10/defining-the-digital-humanities/
  9. Davis, G. (2011). The Well-Wrought Textbook, A look back at Brooks and Warren’s college classic, Understanding Poetry, Humanities 32. Disponible en línea en: https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2011/julyaugust/feature/the-well- wrought-textbook
  10. Dearstyne, y Bruce,W. (1987).What is the use of archives? a challenge for the profession. Am. Arch. 50, 78-87. doi: 10.17723/aarc.50.1.572q383767657258
  11. Duff, W., y van Ballegooie, M. (2006). Archival Metadata. Toronto, On: University of Toronto. Disponible en línea en: http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/curation-referencemanual/completed-chapters/archival-metadata
  12. Email Management, (2016). National Archives. Disponible en línea en: https://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/email-mgmt
  13. Evans, R. (2015). Archives ofWar: Media, Memory and History Conference. TNA, London. 30 November.
  14. Graham, S.,Milligan, I., yWeingart, S. (2015). Exploring Big Historical Data: The Historian’s Macroscope. London: Imperial College Press.
  15. Greenhalgh, M. (2014). The Data Science in Government Programme: Progress So Far, Examples and Findings. Policy Lab. Disponible en línea en: https://openpolicy.blog.gov.uk/2014/09/18/data-science-2/
  16. Grishman, R., y Sundheim, B. (1996). “Message understanding conference - 6: A Brief History,” en COLING ’96 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Vol. 1, 466-471. Disponible en línea en: http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C96-1079
  17. Guldi, J., y Armitage, D. (2014). History Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. History Hub (2015). NARA Disponible en línea en: https://historyhub.history.gov/docs/DOC-1012
  18. Hitchcock, T. (2014). Big Data, Small Data and Meaning. Historyonics. Disponible en línea en: http://historyonics.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2015-05-29T02:11:00-07:00andmaxresults=7andstart=5andby-date=false
  19. Hitchcock, T. (2015). The UKWeb Archive, Born Digital Sources and Rethinking the Future of Research. Historyonics. Disponible en línea en: http://historyonics.blogspot.com/2015/
  20. Internet World Stats (2017). Disponible en línea en: https://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm
  21. Klimt, B., y Yang, Y. (2004a). “Introducing the Enron Corpus,” en CEAS 2004 - First Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (Mountainview, CA). Disponible en línea en: http://nl.ijs.si/janes/wpcontent/uploads/2014/09/klimtyang04a.pdf
  22. Klimt, B., y Yang, Y. (2004b). “The enron corpus a new dataset for email classification research,” en Machine Learning: ECML 2004, eds J. F. Boulicaut, F. Esposito, F. Giannotti, and D. Pedreschi (Berlin: Springer), 217-224.
  23. Lavoie, B. (2014). The Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Reference Model: DPC Technology Watch Report 14-02 October 2014, 2nd Edn. York: Digital Preservation Coalition. Disponible en línea en: http://www.dpconline.org/docs/technologywatch- reports/1359-dpctw14-02/file
  24. Luca, M.,Wu, T., Couvidat, S., Frank, D., y Seltzer,W. (2015). “Does google content degrade google search? Experimental evidence,” in Harvard Business School Working Paper, 16-035 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School). Disponible en línea en: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/16-035_2260fc69-1f63-466f-b4df-7957e77e2a3f.pdf
  25. Lynch, C. A. (2003). “Colliding with the real World: heresies and unexplored questions about audience, economics, and control of digital libraries,” en Digital Library Use: Social Practice in Design and Evaluation, eds A. Bishop, B. Butterfield, y N. Van House (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 191-216.
  26. Mayer-Schönberger, V. (2011). Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  27. Merrin, W. (2014). Media Studies 2.0. London: Routledge.
  28. Moretti, F. (2000). Conjectures on World literature. New Left Rev. 1, 54-68. Moretti, F. (2013). Distant Reading. London: Verso.
  29. Moss, M. (2005). The hutton inquiry, the president of Nigeria and what the butler hoped to see. Eng. Hist. Rev. 120, 577-592. doi: 10.1093/ehr/cei121
  30. National Archives (2013). Bulletin 2013-02: Guidance on a New Approach to Managing Email Records. NARA Bulletin. Disponible en línea en: https://www. archives.gov/records-mgmt/bulletins/2013/2013-02.html
  31. Nicholas, D. (2007). “If we do not understand our users, we will certainly fail,” en The Resources Management Handbook, ed R. Anderson (UKSG). Disponible en línea en: https://www.uksg.org/publications/ermh
  32. Ogrysko, N. (2016). Most Agencies Say They’ll Meet Year-End Records Management Deadline. Federal News Radio. Disponible en línea en: https://federalnewsradio.com/ agency-oversight/2016/03/agencies-say-theyll-meet-year-end-records-managementdeadline/
  33. Padia, K. (2012). Visualizing Digital Collections at Archive-It. Dissertation/master’s thesis, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA. Disponible en línea en: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context= computerscience_etds
  34. Pitti, D. V. (2006). Technology and the transformation of archival description. J. Arch. Organ. 3, 9-22.
  35. Prabhakaran, V., Reid, E. E., y Rambow, O. (2014). “Gender and power: how gender and gender environment affect manifestations of power,” en Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 1965-1976. Disponible en línea en: https://cs.stanford.edu/~vinod/papers/EMNLP_genderpaper_final.pdf
  36. Rea, S. (2015). Six Degrees of Francis Bacon. Carnegie Mellon University. Disponible en línea en: http://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2015/october/francis-baconlaunch.html
  37. Rosenthal, D. (2017). DSHR’s Blog. Disponible en línea en: http://blog.dshr.org/search/label/storage%20costs
  38. Schofield, T., Kirk, D., Amaral, T., Schofield, G., y Ploetz,. T. (2015). Archival Liveliness: Designing With Collections Before and During Cataloguing and Digitization. Digital Humanities Quarterly. 9:3. Disponible en línea en: http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/9/3/000227/000227.html
  39. Schott Syme, H. (2003). Becoming speech: voicing the text in early modern English courtrooms and theatres. Compar(a)ison, I 1, 107-124.
  40. Shabou, B. M., y Sokhn, M. (2017). “The new information technologies at the service of historical and cultural heritage and tourism promotion,” en Integrating ICT in Society, eds Iana Atanassova et al., (Zagreb: FF Press), 219-234.
  41. Smith, C. (2017). The Pixel 2’ Unlimited Photo Storage isn’t Exactly Unlimited. BGR. Disponible en línea en: http://bgr.com/2017/10/06/pixel-2-features-unlimitedphoto-storage/
  42. TNA (2016). The Application of Technology-Assisted Review to Born Digital Records, Transfer, Inquiries and Beyond- Research Report. London: The National Archives. Disponible en línea en: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q=Records+of+the +UK+Atomic+Energy+Authority%27s+production+divisions+touching+all+aspects+of+atomic+energy+research%2C+day+to+day+procedures%2C+administrative+functions+and+industrial+relations
  43. TNA (2018), Online Catalogue. Disponible en línea en: http://discovery.nationalarchives. gov.uk/results/r_q=Records+of+the+UK+Atomic+Energy+Authority%27s+production+divisions+touching+all+aspects+of+atomic+energy+research%2C+day+to+day+procedures%2C+administrative+functions+and+industrial+relations
  44. Turkel, W. J., Kee, K., y Roberts, S. (2013). “A method for navigating the infinite archive,” in History in the Digital Age, eds ToniWeller (London, Routledge), 61-75.
  45. Turnbaugh, R. C. (1983). Living With a Guide. Am. Arch. 46, 449-452.
  46. Underwood, T. (2014). Theorizing research practices we forgot to theorize twenty years ago. Representations 127, 64-72. doi: 10.1525/rep.2014.127.1.64
  47. Viégas, F. B., Golder, S., y Donath, J. (2006). “Visualizing email content: portraying relationships from conversational histories,” en Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York, NY: ACM).
  48. Walter, C. (2005). Kryder’s Law-The doubling of processor speed every 18 months is a snail’s pace compared with rising hard-disk capacity, and Mark Kryder plans to squeeze in even more bits. Sci. Am. 293, 32-33. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0805-32
  49. Waugh, A. (2014). Email - a Bell Weather Records System. Recordkeeping Roundtable. Disponible en línea en: http://rkroundtable.org/2014/06/30/email-a-bellwetherrecords-system/
  50. Weinberger, D. (2011). Too Big to Know. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  51. Zachte, E. (2011). Wikipedia Visualisations. Erik Zachte’s Wikipedia / Wikimedia Portfolio. Disponible en línea en: http://infodisiac.com/Wikimedia/Visualizations/